Yingshan Zhang

"The Art of Head Carrying"

Section MS17, Lennaart van Oldenborgh

Keywords: gender, repetition, moving image, archive

In documentaries about water scarcity from different eras, there are images of women transporting water in containers on their heads. The cameramen recorded women head carrying not only to show the incredibility of the action, but also to capture and show the significance of this unique action and what it represents in terms of culture, labour, and women's roles.

As times evolved, so did the containers they used. In early documentaries, scenes of women using clay pots to head water sources may reflect traditional crafts and locally available materials. With industrialisation and technological advances, the emergence of tin cans may reflect developments in metalworking and manufacturing techniques. Iron pots are relatively lightweight, but may be stronger compared to clay pots, making them suitable for carrying water over long distances. In modern times, with the rise of the plastics industry, plastic barrels have become a lighter and more durable option. The widespread use of plastic barrels may be linked to the development of globalisation and mass production. However, the persistence of the head-carrying manoeuvre, which has been occurring since antiquity, is at the same time indicative of the problems of water management, reflecting the never-ending problem of water scarcity in these areas.

Carrying water on one's head can be physically demanding and can lead to health problems, especially if the water containers are heavy and people have to walk long distances every day. In many societies, the responsibility for water collection falls on women and girls. Water scarcity and the gendered aspects of head-carrying reflect wider social inequalities and reinforce traditional gender roles. It can affect women's ability to participate in education and income-generating activities.

In the installation I show the repetition and continuity of this phenomenon. I used transparent material to show the action of women's head carrying in different materials and generations, and from a certain angle you can see the effect of overlapping several layers of material, which reflects the repetitive nature of this phenomenon. Each layer of the women's heads are carrying different containers, which represents the progress of time and technology.

The role of the film is to provide an interpretive analysis of the images in the installation as well as a more specific description of the situation, comparing the clips from different eras. The same action but using different containers clearly reflects the repetitive nature of this action and the continuity of the water scarcity phenomenon in the region.